Note 4. Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of presentation: The Company prepares its financial statements on the accrual basis of accounting in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP).

Segment reporting: Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. All of the Company’s assets from continuing operations are maintained in the U.S. The Company views and manages its continuing operations as one segment. Per Note 2, the Merger on March 30, 2021, combined the StemoniX business with Vyant Bio and its vivoPharm business. The Company completed its review of the ongoing strategy and reporting structure of its operations in the fourth quarter of 2021 resulting in the Company’s Board of Directors approval to engage investment bankers to sell the vivoPharm business in 2022. As a result of this strategic decision, the Company completed its analysis of segment and reporting unit accounting arising from the Merger, identified vivoPharm as a reporting unit, and allocated all of the goodwill arising from the Merger to the vivoPharm business’ discontinuing operations. See Note 3 for further information regarding the vivoPharm discontinuing operations.

Principles of consolidation: The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Vyant Bio, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany account balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Foreign currency: The Company translates the financial statements of its foreign subsidiaries, which have a functional currency in the respective country’s local currency, to U.S. dollars using month-end exchange rates for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates for revenue, costs and expenses. Translation gains and losses are recorded in accumulated comprehensive loss as a component of stockholders’ equity. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 there were foreign currency translation gains of $42 thousand and losses of $74 thousand, respectively, all related to the vivoPharm business. Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions that are denominated in currencies other than the entity’s functional currency are included within discontinuing operations in the consolidated statements of operations.

Use of estimates: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Company’s significant estimates include estimated transaction price, including variable consideration, of the Company’s revenue contracts; the value of intangible assets arising from the Merger, the fair value of the net assets of the vivoPharm business classified as discontinuing operations, the useful lives of fixed assets; the valuation of embedded derivatives; deferred tax assets, inventory, right-of-use (ROU) assets and lease liabilities, stock-based compensation, income tax uncertainties, other long-lived assets and other contingencies.

Risks and uncertainties: The Company operates in an industry that is subject to intense competition, government regulation and rapid technological change. The Company’s operations are subject to significant risk and uncertainties including financial, operational, technological, regulatory, and other risks, including the potential risk of business failure.

Cash and cash equivalents: The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. The cash and cash equivalents balance as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 includes $8.6 million and $12.0 million, respectively, invested in a U.S. government money market fund.

Revenue recognition: The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies performance obligations under the terms of its contracts, and transfers control of the product to its customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive from its customers in exchange for those products. This process involves identifying the customer contract, determining the performance obligations in the contract, determining the contract price, allocating the contract price to the distinct performance obligations in the contract, and recognizing revenue when the performance obligations have been satisfied. A performance obligation is considered distinct from other obligations in a contract when it (a) provides a benefit to the customer either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer and (b) is separately identified in the contract. The Company considers a performance obligation satisfied once it has transferred control of a product to a customer, which is generally upon shipment as the customer has the ability to direct the use and obtain the benefit of the product.

The Company’s primary sources of revenue are product sales from the sale of microOrgan® plates and the performance of preclinical drug testing services using the microOrgan technology. The Company does not act as an agent in any of its revenue arrangements.

For product contracts, revenue is recognized at a point-in-time upon delivery to the customer, which is generally deemed to occur upon shipment. Product contracts with customers generally state the terms of the sale, including the quantity and price of each product purchased. Payment terms and conditions may vary by contract, although terms generally include a requirement of payment within a range of 30 to 90 days after the performance obligation has been satisfied. As a result, the contracts do not include a significant financing component. In addition, contacts typically do not contain variable consideration as the contracts include stated prices. The Company provides assurance-type warranties on all of its products, which are not separate performance obligations.

For service contracts, revenue is recognized over time and is generally defined pursuant to an enforceable right to payment for performance completed on service projects for which the Company has no alternative use as customer furnished compounds are added to Company plates for testing. The Company does not obtain control of the customer furnished compounds as the Company does not have the ability to direct their use. Revenue is measured by the costs incurred to date relative to the estimated total direct costs to fulfill each contract (cost-to-cost method). Incurred costs represent work performed, which corresponds with, and thereby best depicts, the transfer of control to the customer. Contract costs include labor, materials and overhead.

Contracts are often modified to account for changes in contract specifications and requirements. Contract modifications exist when the modification either creates new, or changes existing, enforceable rights and obligations. Generally, when contract modifications create new performance obligations, the modification is considered to be a separate contract and revenue is recognized prospectively. When contract modifications change existing performance obligations, the impact on the existing transaction price and measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates is generally recognized as an adjustment to revenue (either as an increase in or a reduction of revenue) on a cumulative catch-up basis.

Contract assets primarily represent revenue earnings over time that are not yet billable based on the terms of the contracts. Contract liabilities (i.e., deferred revenue) consist of fees invoiced or paid by the Company’s customers for which the associated performance obligations have not been satisfied and revenue has not been recognized based on the Company’s revenue recognition criteria described above.

The Company records all amounts collected for shipping as revenue. Amounts collected from customers for sales tax are recorded in sales net of amounts paid to related taxing authorities.

The Company may include subcontractor or third-party vendors in certain integrated services arrangements. In these arrangements, revenue from sales of third-party vendor services is generally recorded gross as revenue and cost of goods sold - service, as the Company is the principal for the transaction. When the Company is acting as an agent between a customer and the vendor services, the Company does not record revenue and vendor costs are recorded net within cost of goods sold - service. To determine whether the Company is an agent or principal, the Company considers whether it obtains control of services before they are transferred to the customer. In making this evaluation, several factors are considered, most notably whether the Company has primary responsibility for fulfillment to the client, as well as fiscal risk and pricing discretion.

There were no contract assets from continuing operations as of December 31, 2022. There were contract assets from continuing operations of $70 thousand as of December 31, 2021. Contract liabilities from continuing operations related to unfulfilled performance obligations were $72 thousand and $74 thousand as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and are recorded in deferred revenue. There were no contract assets classified within discontinuing operations as of December 31, 2022. Contract assets classified within discontinuing operations aggregated $75 thousand as of December 31, 2021. Contract liabilities classified within discontinuing operations aggregated $43 thousand and $1.9 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Trade accounts receivable: Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The Company records an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses inherent in its accounts receivable portfolio. In establishing the required allowance, management considers historical losses adjusted to consider current market conditions and the Company’s customers’ financial condition, the amount of receivables in dispute, and the current receivables aging and current payment patterns. The Company reviews its allowance for doubtful accounts monthly. No allowances were recorded as of December 31, 2022 or 2021. Write-offs for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were not significant. The Company does not have any off-balance-sheet credit exposure related to its customers.

Other receivables: For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company elected to use federal research and development (R&D) tax credit carryforwards to offset federal payroll taxes paid. The Company recorded R&D tax credit receivables of $252 thousand and $100 thousand as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized $252 thousand and $205 thousand, respectively, of R&D tax credits as a reduction in payroll tax expenses within continuing operations.

Concentration of credit risk: Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and trade receivables. The Company places cash and cash equivalents in various financial institutions with high credit rating and limits the amount of credit exposure to any one financial institution. Trade receivables are primarily from clients in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, as well as academic and government institutions. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to trade receivables, which are typically unsecured, are limited due to the wide variety of customers using the Company’s products and services as well as their dispersion across many geographic areas. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, one and four customers, respectively, represented 10% or more of the Company’s total trade accounts receivable, and in the aggregate, these customers represented 100%, or $ 71 thousand, and 78%, or $262 thousand, respectively, of the Company’s total trade accounts receivable.

Inventory: Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost being determined on a first-in first-out basis. Cost includes materials, labor and manufacturing overhead related to the purchase and production of inventory. Costs associated with the underutilization of capacity are expensed to Cost of goods sold - product as incurred. Inventory is adjusted for excess and obsolete amounts. Evaluation of excess inventory includes items such as inventory levels, anticipated usage, and customer demand, among others.

Prepaid expenses and other assets: In connection with the Merger, a number of Director and Officer insurance contracts were in place, including tail policies accounted for as acquired assets in connection with the Merger. Aggregate premiums of $2.7 million are being expensed over the term of each respective policy. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, $797 thousand and $1.0 million, respectively, has been classified in the consolidated balance sheet as non-current prepaid assets related to amounts that will be expensed more than one year after year end.

Deferred revenue: Payments received in advance of services rendered are recorded as deferred revenue and are subsequently recognized as revenue in the period in which the services are performed.

Fixed assets: The Company’s purchased fixed assets are stated at cost. Fixed assets under finance leases are stated at the present value of minimum lease payments. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful life of equipment is five years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of useful life or the lease term. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

Long-lived assets, such as fixed assets subject to depreciation, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset group be tested for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset group to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021 the Company determined that there were no indicators of impairment and did not recognize any fixed asset impairment use in continuing operations.

Goodwill: Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net tangible and identified intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated at least annually for impairment or when a change in facts and circumstances indicate that the fair value of the goodwill may be below the carrying value. The Company did not record Goodwill prior to the March 30, 2021 Merger. As a result of the Merger, the Company recorded $22.4 million of goodwill attributed to the vivoPharm business. As a described in Note 3, the Company classified the vivoPharm business as a held for sale asset in the fourth quarter of 2021 and concurrently evaluated the carrying value of this asset group to its estimated fair value resulting in the recording of a $20.2 million goodwill impairment charge in 2021. An additional $2.2 million goodwill impairment charge was recorded in 2022.

Convertible notes: The Company accounts for convertible notes using an amortized cost model. Debt issuance costs and the initial fair value of bifurcated compound derivatives reduce the initial carrying amount of the convertible notes. The carrying value is accreted to the stated principal amount at contractual maturity using the effective-interest method with a corresponding charge to interest expense. Debt discounts are presented on the consolidated balance sheets as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that related debt.

Fair value option: The Company has the irrevocable option to report most financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value on an instrument-by-instrument basis, with changes in fair value reported in earnings. The Company elected to account for the convertible note issued to the Major Investor in February 2021 under the fair value option. See Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements.

Warrants: Except as noted in the next paragraph, the Company accounts for its preferred stock warrants issued to non-employees in equity as issuance costs, as the warrants were issued as vested share-based payment compensation to non-employees.

The Company issued a warrant during first quarter of 2021 that contained an indexation feature not indexed to the Company’s stock resulting in this warrant being accounted for as a derivative. Derivative warrants are recorded as liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. These common stock purchase warrants do not trade in an active securities market, and as such, the Company estimated the fair value of these warrants using the Black-Scholes valuation pricing model with the assumptions as follows: the risk-free interest rate for periods within the contractual life of the warrant is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve. The expected life of the warrants is based upon the contractual life of the warrants. The Company uses the historical volatility of its common stock and the closing price of its shares on the NASDAQ Capital Market. As further described in Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements, as a result of the Merger, the terms of this warrant were finalized through the conversion to a Vyant Bio warrant resulting in the Vyant Bio warrant being equity classified.

Derivative instruments: The Company recognizes all derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets at their respective fair values. The Company evaluates its debt and equity issuances to determine if those contracts or embedded components of those contracts qualify as derivatives requiring separate recognition in the Company’s financial statements. The result of this accounting treatment is that the fair value of the embedded derivative is revalued as of each reporting date and recorded as a liability, and the change in fair value during the reporting period is recorded in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. In circumstances where the embedded conversion option in a convertible instrument is required to be bifurcated and there are also other embedded derivative instruments in the convertible instrument that are required to be bifurcated, the bifurcated derivative instruments are accounted for as a single, compound derivative instrument. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is reassessed at the end of each reporting period. Derivative instrument liabilities are classified in the consolidated balance sheets as current or non-current based on whether or not net-cash settlement of the derivative instrument is expected within twelve months of the consolidated balance sheet date.

Income taxes: Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not to be sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Company records interest related to unrecognized tax benefits and penalties in income tax expense.

The Company elects to present deferred taxes and the effect of unrecognized tax benefits associated with the held for sale assets and liabilities as part of the assets (or liabilities) held for sale. The deferred taxes primarily relate to net operating loss carryforwards in US and foreign jurisdictions that are classified as held for sale. Due to a valuation allowance recorded against the deferred tax assets, the net impact of deferred tax assets included in the held for sale assets and liabilities is $0.

Leases: The Company leases office space, laboratory facilities, and equipment. The Company determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at contract inception and recognizes a right of use (“ROU”) asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date.

For operating leases, the lease liability is initially and subsequently measured at the present value of the unpaid lease payments at the lease commencement date. For finance leases, the lease liability is initially measured in the same manner and date as for operating leases and is subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective-interest method. The Company has elected the practical expedient to account for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. Therefore, the lease payments used to measure the lease liability includes all of the fixed consideration in the contract.

Key estimates and judgments include how the Company determines (1) the discount rate it uses to discount the unpaid lease payments to present value, (2) lease term and (3) lease payments. The Company discounts its unpaid lease payments using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, its incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the Company cannot determine the interest rate implicit in the lease because it does not have access to the lessor’s estimated residual value or the amount of the lessor’s deferred initial direct costs. Therefore, the Company generally uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate for the lease. The Company’s incremental borrowing rate for a lease is the rate of interest it would have to pay on a collateralized basis to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments under similar terms. Because the Company does not generally borrow on a collateralized basis, it uses the interest rate it pays on its non-collateralized borrowings as an input to deriving an appropriate incremental borrowing rate, adjusted for the lease payments, the lease term and the effect on that rate of designating specific collateral with a value equal to the unpaid lease payments for that lease.

The lease term for all the Company’s leases includes the noncancellable period of the lease plus any additional periods covered by either a Company option to extend (or not to terminate) the lease that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise, or an option to extend (or not to terminate) the lease controlled by the lessor.

Intangible assets: Intangible assets consist of vivoPharm’s customer relationships and tradename that were acquired in the Merger, which were being amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets of ten years. These assets were included in long-term assets of discontinuing operations as of December 31, 2021. Therefore, the Company did not record any amortization expense in 2022 for these assets. As described in Note 3, the vivoPharm business was sold in the fourth quarter of 2022, and there are no intangible assets remaining as of December 31, 2022. Amortization expense in discontinuing operations for these intangible assets aggregated $713 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Research and development: Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs primarily consist of personnel costs, including salaries and benefits, lab materials and supplies, and overhead allocation consisting of various support and facility related costs. Research and development costs were $6.8 million and $4.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Advertising costs: Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs were $28 thousand and $34 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Stock-based compensation: The Company recognizes all employee stock-based compensation as an expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Equity-classified awards are measured at the grant date fair value of the award. The Company estimates grant date fair value using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model and accounts for forfeitures as they occur. Excess tax benefits of awards related to stock option exercises are recognized as an income tax benefit in the consolidated statements of operations and reflected in operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Commitments and contingencies: Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.

Fair value measurements: The Company uses valuation approaches that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company determines fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in one of the following levels:

The fair value hierarchy also requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Valuation of business combination: The Company allocates the consideration of a business acquisition to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values at the date of acquisition, including identifiable intangible assets which either arise from a contractual or legal right or are separable from Goodwill. The Company bases the fair value of identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination on detailed valuations that use information and assumptions provided by management, which consider management’s best estimates of inputs and assumptions that a market participant would use. The Company allocates to Goodwill any excess purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired. Transaction costs associated with a business combination are expensed as incurred and recorded as merger related costs.

Subsequent events: The Company has evaluated potential subsequent events through the date the financial statements were issued within our Annual Report on Form 10-K. See Note 17 to these Consolidated Financial Statements.

Net loss per share: Basic loss per share is computed by dividing loss available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share is computed by dividing loss available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common shares outstanding during the period increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the potentially dilutive securities had been issued, using the treasury-stock method. As the Company incurred losses for all periods presented, potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from fully diluted loss per share as their impact is anti-dilutive and would reduce the loss per share.